Contextual Composition With Delegation

2008-05-03T19:24:19Z

I’ve had some models getting rather large recently. This makes them hard to comprehend and makes the source difficult to browse. A lot of the time, a big chunk of functionality is fairly context specific – it is only relevant to one particular part of my application (reporting, data integration, etc…). Thoughtbot presented one way to do this recently by adding methods to the model that return another model with the extra goodness.

That’s not bad, but it still pollutes the class with methods that most users won’t care about. We can just decorate the class with extra methods at the time (context) that we need them. My first go at doing this used the extend method:

class PurchaseOrder
  attr_reader :id
end

module Reports::PurchaseOrderMethods
  def description
    "A Purchase Order"
  end
end

class ReportMakerWithExtend
  def self.report_for(po)
    po.extend(Reports::PurchaseOrderMethods)
    "#{po.id}: #{po.description}"
  end
end

This has a few edge case problems though.

It can potentially override methods in our base class. Imagine if PurchaseOrder#description was defined as private, our module would override this defenition resulting in probably breakage.
It is inelegant to test – extend will override any existing stubs, so you need to stub it out. This is unintuitive and may have unintended consequences, for instance if the class is also using extend in a manner that doesn’t interfere with your stubs.

# Testing extended PurchaseOrder is inelegant
describe 'ReportMakerWithExtend#report_for' do
  it 'returns a line containing both ID and description' do
    po = stub(
      :id          => 1
      :description => "hello",
      :extend      => nil # :(
    )
    ReportMaker.report_for(po).should == "1: hello"
  end
end

Ruby provides another method to achieve what we want in the form of SimpleDelegator. Basically, it passes on any methods not defined on itself to the object specified in the constructor. This way we can wrap another object without fear of interferring with its internals nor our stubs.

require 'delegate'

class Reports::PurchaseOrder < SimpleDelegator
  def description
    "A Purchase Order"
  end
end

class ReportMaker
  def self.report_for(po)
    po = Reports::PurchaseOrder.new(po)
    "#{po.id}: #{po.description}"
  end
end

Much nicer. Of course, we would have specs for Reports::PurchaseOrder in addition to PurchaseOrder – this split allows us to keep our tests focussed and easy to read. Using delegation to split up your models allows you to separate code into areas where it is most relevant – helping keep both your models and your tests easy to read and maintain.

Composition - Xavier Shay's Blog

Contextual Composition With Delegation